應用程式隨著時間的推移會累積數十個甚至數百個路由。您的一些路由可以作為頂級(全域性)路由。例如,"/", "profile", "contact", "social_feed" 都可以是您應用內的頂級路由。但是,想象一下您在頂級的 Navigator widget 中定義了所有可能的路由。列表會非常長,而且許多這些路由最好巢狀在另一個 widget 中進行處理。

考慮一個用於您透過應用程式控制的無線燈泡的物聯網 (IoT) 設定流程。此設定流程包含四個頁面

  • find_devices 頁面:查詢附近的燈泡。
  • select_device 頁面:選擇要新增的燈泡。
  • connecting 頁面:新增燈泡。
  • finished 頁面:完成設定。

您可以從頂級的 Navigator widget orchestrate 此行為。但是,在 SetupFlow widget 中定義第二個巢狀的 Navigator widget 會更有意義,並讓巢狀的 Navigator 負責設定流程中的四個頁面。這種導航委託能夠實現更強的本地控制,這在開發軟體時通常是首選。

以下動畫展示了應用程式的行為

Gif showing the nested "setup" flow

在本食譜中,您將實現一個四頁的物聯網設定流程,該流程將維護自己的導航,巢狀在頂級 Navigator widget 下方。

準備導航

#

此物聯網應用程式有兩個頂級螢幕以及設定流程。將這些路由名稱定義為常量,以便可以在程式碼中引用它們。

dart
const routeHome = '/';
const routeSettings = '/settings';
const routePrefixDeviceSetup = '/setup/';
const routeDeviceSetupStart = '/setup/$routeDeviceSetupStartPage';
const routeDeviceSetupStartPage = 'find_devices';
const routeDeviceSetupSelectDevicePage = 'select_device';
const routeDeviceSetupConnectingPage = 'connecting';
const routeDeviceSetupFinishedPage = 'finished';

主螢幕和設定螢幕使用靜態名稱引用。但是,設定流程頁面使用兩個路徑來建立它們的路由名稱:一個 /setup/ 字首後跟特定頁面的名稱。透過組合這兩個路徑,您的 Navigator 可以確定路由名稱是用於設定流程的,而無需識別與設定流程關聯的所有單個頁面。

頂級 Navigator 不負責識別單獨的設定流程頁面。因此,您的頂級 Navigator 需要解析傳入的路由名稱以識別設定流程字首。需要解析路由名稱意味著您不能使用頂級 Navigatorroutes 屬性。相反,您必須為 onGenerateRoute 屬性提供一個函式。

實現 onGenerateRoute 以為三個頂級路徑中的每一個返回適當的 widget。

dart
onGenerateRoute: (settings) {
  final Widget page;
  if (settings.name == routeHome) {
    page = const HomeScreen();
  } else if (settings.name == routeSettings) {
    page = const SettingsScreen();
  } else if (settings.name!.startsWith(routePrefixDeviceSetup)) {
    final subRoute = settings.name!.substring(
      routePrefixDeviceSetup.length,
    );
    page = SetupFlow(setupPageRoute: subRoute);
  } else {
    throw Exception('Unknown route: ${settings.name}');
  }

  return MaterialPageRoute<void>(
    builder: (context) {
      return page;
    },
    settings: settings,
  );
},

請注意,主螢幕和設定螢幕路由與精確的路由名稱匹配。但是,設定流程路由條件僅檢查字首。如果路由名稱包含設定流程字首,則其餘路由名稱將被忽略並傳遞給 SetupFlow widget 進行處理。這種路由名稱的分離允許頂級 Navigator 對設定流程中的各種子路由保持不可知。

建立一個名為 SetupFlow 的有狀態 widget,它接受一個路由名稱。

dart
class SetupFlow extends StatefulWidget {
  const SetupFlow({super.key, required this.setupPageRoute});

  final String setupPageRoute;

  @override
  State<SetupFlow> createState() => SetupFlowState();
}

class SetupFlowState extends State<SetupFlow> {
  //...
}

為設定流程顯示應用欄

#

設定流程顯示一個持久的應用欄,該應用欄會出現在所有頁面上。

SetupFlow widget 的 build() 方法返回一個 Scaffold widget,幷包含所需的 AppBar widget。

dart
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
  return Scaffold(appBar: _buildFlowAppBar(), body: const SizedBox());
}

PreferredSizeWidget _buildFlowAppBar() {
  return AppBar(title: const Text('Bulb Setup'));
}

應用欄顯示一個返回箭頭,並在按下返回箭頭時退出設定流程。但是,退出流程會導致使用者丟失所有進度。因此,使用者會被提示確認他們是否要退出設定流程。

提示使用者確認退出設定流程,並確保在使用者按下裝置上的硬體返回按鈕時顯示提示。

dart
Future<void> _onExitPressed() async {
  final isConfirmed = await _isExitDesired();

  if (isConfirmed && mounted) {
    _exitSetup();
  }
}

Future<bool> _isExitDesired() async {
  return await showDialog<bool>(
        context: context,
        builder: (context) {
          return AlertDialog(
            title: const Text('Are you sure?'),
            content: const Text(
              'If you exit device setup, your progress will be lost.',
            ),
            actions: [
              TextButton(
                onPressed: () {
                  Navigator.of(context).pop(true);
                },
                child: const Text('Leave'),
              ),
              TextButton(
                onPressed: () {
                  Navigator.of(context).pop(false);
                },
                child: const Text('Stay'),
              ),
            ],
          );
        },
      ) ??
      false;
}

void _exitSetup() {
  Navigator.of(context).pop();
}

@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
  return PopScope(
    canPop: false,
    onPopInvokedWithResult: (didPop, _) async {
      if (didPop) return;

      if (await _isExitDesired() && context.mounted) {
        _exitSetup();
      }
    },
    child: Scaffold(appBar: _buildFlowAppBar(), body: const SizedBox()),
  );
}

PreferredSizeWidget _buildFlowAppBar() {
  return AppBar(
    leading: IconButton(
      onPressed: _onExitPressed,
      icon: const Icon(Icons.chevron_left),
    ),
    title: const Text('Bulb Setup'),
  );
}

當用戶點選應用欄中的返回箭頭,或按下裝置上的返回按鈕時,會彈出一個警報對話方塊,以確認使用者是否要離開設定流程。如果使用者按下 **Leave**,則設定流程會從頂級導航堆疊中彈出自身。如果使用者按下 **Stay**,則操作將被忽略。

您可能會注意到 Navigator.pop() 同時被 **Leave** 和 **Stay** 按鈕呼叫。需要明確的是,此 pop() 操作會從導航堆疊中彈出警報對話方塊,而不是設定流程。

生成巢狀路由

#

設定流程的職責是顯示流程中相應的頁面。

SetupFlow 新增一個 Navigator widget,並實現 onGenerateRoute 屬性。

dart
final _navigatorKey = GlobalKey<NavigatorState>();

void _onDiscoveryComplete() {
  _navigatorKey.currentState!.pushNamed(routeDeviceSetupSelectDevicePage);
}

void _onDeviceSelected(String deviceId) {
  _navigatorKey.currentState!.pushNamed(routeDeviceSetupConnectingPage);
}

void _onConnectionEstablished() {
  _navigatorKey.currentState!.pushNamed(routeDeviceSetupFinishedPage);
}

@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
  return PopScope(
    canPop: false,
    onPopInvokedWithResult: (didPop, _) async {
      if (didPop) return;

      if (await _isExitDesired() && context.mounted) {
        _exitSetup();
      }
    },
    child: Scaffold(
      appBar: _buildFlowAppBar(),
      body: Navigator(
        key: _navigatorKey,
        initialRoute: widget.setupPageRoute,
        onGenerateRoute: _onGenerateRoute,
      ),
    ),
  );
}

Route<Widget> _onGenerateRoute(RouteSettings settings) {
  final page = switch (settings.name) {
    routeDeviceSetupStartPage => WaitingPage(
      message: 'Searching for nearby bulb...',
      onWaitComplete: _onDiscoveryComplete,
    ),
    routeDeviceSetupSelectDevicePage => SelectDevicePage(
      onDeviceSelected: _onDeviceSelected,
    ),
    routeDeviceSetupConnectingPage => WaitingPage(
      message: 'Connecting...',
      onWaitComplete: _onConnectionEstablished,
    ),
    routeDeviceSetupFinishedPage => FinishedPage(onFinishPressed: _exitSetup),
    _ => throw StateError('Unexpected route name: ${settings.name}!'),
  };

  return MaterialPageRoute(
    builder: (context) {
      return page;
    },
    settings: settings,
  );
}

_onGenerateRoute 函式的工作方式與頂級 Navigator 相同。將一個 RouteSettings 物件傳遞給函式,其中包含路由的 name。基於該路由名稱,將返回四個流程頁面中的一個。

第一個頁面稱為 find_devices,它會等待幾秒鐘以模擬網路掃描。等待期過後,該頁面會呼叫其回撥。在這種情況下,回撥是 _onDiscoveryComplete。設定流程會識別出,在裝置發現完成時,應該顯示裝置選擇頁面。因此,在 _onDiscoveryComplete 中,_navigatorKey 指示巢狀的 Navigator 導航到 select_device 頁面。

select_device 頁面要求使用者從可用裝置列表中選擇一個裝置。在本食譜中,只向用戶呈現一個裝置。當用戶點選裝置時,會呼叫 onDeviceSelected 回撥。設定流程會識別出,當裝置被選中時,應該顯示連線頁面。因此,在 _onDeviceSelected 中,_navigatorKey 指示巢狀的 Navigator 導航到 "connecting" 頁面。

connecting 頁面與 find_devices 頁面的工作方式相同。connecting 頁面等待幾秒鐘,然後呼叫其回撥。在這種情況下,回撥是 _onConnectionEstablished。設定流程會識別出,在建立連線後,應該顯示最後一個頁面。因此,在 _onConnectionEstablished 中,_navigatorKey 指示巢狀的 Navigator 導航到 finished 頁面。

finished 頁面為使用者提供一個 **Finish** 按鈕。當用戶點選 **Finish** 時,會呼叫 _exitSetup 回撥,該回調會將整個設定流程從頂級 Navigator 堆疊中彈出,將使用者帶回到主螢幕。

恭喜!您已實現了帶有四個子路由的巢狀導航。

互動示例

#

執行應用

  • 在 **新增您的第一個燈泡** 螢幕上,點選 FAB(帶有加號 **+** 的圖示)。這將帶您進入 **選擇附近裝置** 螢幕。列出了一個燈泡。
  • 點選列出的燈泡。會出現 **完成!** 螢幕。
  • 點選 **完成** 按鈕返回到第一個螢幕。
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

const routeHome = '/';
const routeSettings = '/settings';
const routePrefixDeviceSetup = '/setup/';
const routeDeviceSetupStart = '/setup/$routeDeviceSetupStartPage';
const routeDeviceSetupStartPage = 'find_devices';
const routeDeviceSetupSelectDevicePage = 'select_device';
const routeDeviceSetupConnectingPage = 'connecting';
const routeDeviceSetupFinishedPage = 'finished';

void main() {
  runApp(
    MaterialApp(
      theme: ThemeData(
        brightness: Brightness.dark,
        appBarTheme: const AppBarTheme(backgroundColor: Colors.blue),
        floatingActionButtonTheme: const FloatingActionButtonThemeData(
          backgroundColor: Colors.blue,
        ),
      ),
      onGenerateRoute: (settings) {
        final Widget page;
        if (settings.name == routeHome) {
          page = const HomeScreen();
        } else if (settings.name == routeSettings) {
          page = const SettingsScreen();
        } else if (settings.name!.startsWith(routePrefixDeviceSetup)) {
          final subRoute = settings.name!.substring(
            routePrefixDeviceSetup.length,
          );
          page = SetupFlow(setupPageRoute: subRoute);
        } else {
          throw Exception('Unknown route: ${settings.name}');
        }

        return MaterialPageRoute<void>(
          builder: (context) {
            return page;
          },
          settings: settings,
        );
      },
      debugShowCheckedModeBanner: false,
    ),
  );
}

@immutable
class SetupFlow extends StatefulWidget {
  static SetupFlowState of(BuildContext context) {
    return context.findAncestorStateOfType<SetupFlowState>()!;
  }

  const SetupFlow({super.key, required this.setupPageRoute});

  final String setupPageRoute;

  @override
  SetupFlowState createState() => SetupFlowState();
}

class SetupFlowState extends State<SetupFlow> {
  final _navigatorKey = GlobalKey<NavigatorState>();

  @override
  void initState() {
    super.initState();
  }

  void _onDiscoveryComplete() {
    _navigatorKey.currentState!.pushNamed(routeDeviceSetupSelectDevicePage);
  }

  void _onDeviceSelected(String deviceId) {
    _navigatorKey.currentState!.pushNamed(routeDeviceSetupConnectingPage);
  }

  void _onConnectionEstablished() {
    _navigatorKey.currentState!.pushNamed(routeDeviceSetupFinishedPage);
  }

  Future<void> _onExitPressed() async {
    final isConfirmed = await _isExitDesired();

    if (isConfirmed && mounted) {
      _exitSetup();
    }
  }

  Future<bool> _isExitDesired() async {
    return await showDialog<bool>(
          context: context,
          builder: (context) {
            return AlertDialog(
              title: const Text('Are you sure?'),
              content: const Text(
                'If you exit device setup, your progress will be lost.',
              ),
              actions: [
                TextButton(
                  onPressed: () {
                    Navigator.of(context).pop(true);
                  },
                  child: const Text('Leave'),
                ),
                TextButton(
                  onPressed: () {
                    Navigator.of(context).pop(false);
                  },
                  child: const Text('Stay'),
                ),
              ],
            );
          },
        ) ??
        false;
  }

  void _exitSetup() {
    Navigator.of(context).pop();
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return PopScope(
      canPop: false,
      onPopInvokedWithResult: (didPop, _) async {
        if (didPop) return;

        if (await _isExitDesired() && context.mounted) {
          _exitSetup();
        }
      },
      child: Scaffold(
        appBar: _buildFlowAppBar(),
        body: Navigator(
          key: _navigatorKey,
          initialRoute: widget.setupPageRoute,
          onGenerateRoute: _onGenerateRoute,
        ),
      ),
    );
  }

  Route<Widget> _onGenerateRoute(RouteSettings settings) {
    final page = switch (settings.name) {
      routeDeviceSetupStartPage => WaitingPage(
        message: 'Searching for nearby bulb...',
        onWaitComplete: _onDiscoveryComplete,
      ),
      routeDeviceSetupSelectDevicePage => SelectDevicePage(
        onDeviceSelected: _onDeviceSelected,
      ),
      routeDeviceSetupConnectingPage => WaitingPage(
        message: 'Connecting...',
        onWaitComplete: _onConnectionEstablished,
      ),
      routeDeviceSetupFinishedPage => FinishedPage(onFinishPressed: _exitSetup),
      _ => throw StateError('Unexpected route name: ${settings.name}!'),
    };

    return MaterialPageRoute(
      builder: (context) {
        return page;
      },
      settings: settings,
    );
  }

  PreferredSizeWidget _buildFlowAppBar() {
    return AppBar(
      leading: IconButton(
        onPressed: _onExitPressed,
        icon: const Icon(Icons.chevron_left),
      ),
      title: const Text('Bulb Setup'),
    );
  }
}

class SelectDevicePage extends StatelessWidget {
  const SelectDevicePage({super.key, required this.onDeviceSelected});

  final void Function(String deviceId) onDeviceSelected;

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      body: Center(
        child: Padding(
          padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 24),
          child: Column(
            mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min,
            children: [
              Text(
                'Select a nearby device:',
                style: Theme.of(context).textTheme.titleLarge,
              ),
              const SizedBox(height: 24),
              SizedBox(
                width: double.infinity,
                height: 54,
                child: ElevatedButton(
                  style: ButtonStyle(
                    backgroundColor: WidgetStateColor.resolveWith((states) {
                      return const Color(0xFF222222);
                    }),
                  ),
                  onPressed: () {
                    onDeviceSelected('22n483nk5834');
                  },
                  child: const Text(
                    'Bulb 22n483nk5834',
                    style: TextStyle(fontSize: 24),
                  ),
                ),
              ),
            ],
          ),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

class WaitingPage extends StatefulWidget {
  const WaitingPage({
    super.key,
    required this.message,
    required this.onWaitComplete,
  });

  final String message;
  final VoidCallback onWaitComplete;

  @override
  State<WaitingPage> createState() => _WaitingPageState();
}

class _WaitingPageState extends State<WaitingPage> {
  @override
  void initState() {
    super.initState();
    _startWaiting();
  }

  Future<void> _startWaiting() async {
    await Future<dynamic>.delayed(const Duration(seconds: 3));

    if (mounted) {
      widget.onWaitComplete();
    }
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      body: Center(
        child: Padding(
          padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 24),
          child: Column(
            mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min,
            children: [
              const CircularProgressIndicator(),
              const SizedBox(height: 32),
              Text(widget.message),
            ],
          ),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

class FinishedPage extends StatelessWidget {
  const FinishedPage({super.key, required this.onFinishPressed});

  final VoidCallback onFinishPressed;

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      body: Center(
        child: Padding(
          padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 24),
          child: SingleChildScrollView(
            child: Column(
              mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min,
              children: [
                Container(
                  width: 200,
                  height: 200,
                  decoration: const BoxDecoration(
                    shape: BoxShape.circle,
                    color: Color(0xFF222222),
                  ),
                  child: const Center(
                    child: Icon(
                      Icons.lightbulb,
                      size: 140,
                      color: Colors.white,
                    ),
                  ),
                ),
                const SizedBox(height: 32),
                const Text(
                  'Bulb added!',
                  textAlign: TextAlign.center,
                  style: TextStyle(fontSize: 24, fontWeight: FontWeight.bold),
                ),
                const SizedBox(height: 32),
                ElevatedButton(
                  style: ButtonStyle(
                    padding: WidgetStateProperty.resolveWith((states) {
                      return const EdgeInsets.symmetric(
                        horizontal: 24,
                        vertical: 12,
                      );
                    }),
                    backgroundColor: WidgetStateColor.resolveWith((states) {
                      return const Color(0xFF222222);
                    }),
                    shape: WidgetStateProperty.resolveWith((states) {
                      return const StadiumBorder();
                    }),
                  ),
                  onPressed: onFinishPressed,
                  child: const Text('Finish', style: TextStyle(fontSize: 24)),
                ),
              ],
            ),
          ),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

@immutable
class HomeScreen extends StatelessWidget {
  const HomeScreen({super.key});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: _buildAppBar(context),
      body: Center(
        child: Padding(
          padding: const EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 24),
          child: Column(
            mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min,
            children: [
              Container(
                width: 200,
                height: 200,
                decoration: const BoxDecoration(
                  shape: BoxShape.circle,
                  color: Color(0xFF222222),
                ),
                child: Center(
                  child: Icon(
                    Icons.lightbulb,
                    size: 140,
                    color: Theme.of(context).scaffoldBackgroundColor,
                  ),
                ),
              ),
              const SizedBox(height: 32),
              const Text(
                'Add your first bulb',
                textAlign: TextAlign.center,
                style: TextStyle(fontSize: 24, fontWeight: FontWeight.bold),
              ),
            ],
          ),
        ),
      ),
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
        onPressed: () {
          Navigator.of(context).pushNamed(routeDeviceSetupStart);
        },
        child: const Icon(Icons.add),
      ),
    );
  }

  PreferredSizeWidget _buildAppBar(BuildContext context) {
    return AppBar(
      title: const Text('Welcome'),
      actions: [
        IconButton(
          icon: const Icon(Icons.settings),
          onPressed: () {
            Navigator.pushNamed(context, routeSettings);
          },
        ),
      ],
    );
  }
}

class SettingsScreen extends StatelessWidget {
  const SettingsScreen({super.key});

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: _buildAppBar(),
      body: SingleChildScrollView(
        child: Column(
          mainAxisSize: MainAxisSize.min,
          children: List.generate(8, (index) {
            return Container(
              width: double.infinity,
              height: 54,
              margin: const EdgeInsets.only(left: 16, right: 16, top: 16),
              decoration: BoxDecoration(
                borderRadius: BorderRadius.circular(8),
                color: const Color(0xFF222222),
              ),
            );
          }),
        ),
      ),
    );
  }

  PreferredSizeWidget _buildAppBar() {
    return AppBar(title: const Text('Settings'));
  }
}